Language is a system which related meaning to sound for listener and speaker. Sound and meaning is duality. We can not separate words with their sounds and meanings. There are some words which are pronounced the same but having different meanings. We have known about homophones and homonyms. Homophones are words which have the same pronunciation but different spelling. Whereas homonyms are words which are pronounced and spelled identically.
A word, phrase, or sentence which has more than one meaning is called ambiguity. Homonyms often create ambiguity. It becomes the barrier of comprehension. People need longer time to comprehend ambiguous sentences. However, do people always see ambiguous sentences as it? There are several theories dealing with this question.
This discussion will be divided into two parts. First part will discuss the notion of ambiguity and the second part talk about the comprehension of ambiguous sentences.
A. The Notion of Ambiguity
- Lexical Ambiguity
Lexical ambiguity is a type of ambiguity that occurs on the lexical level of word. The ambiguity exists when a word has more than one generally accepted meaning. For example, the spy is ready to attack. This sentence is ambiguous because the word spy has two meanings, an agent and an insect. Sometimes, the intended meaning is made clear by the additional context.
The spy is ready to attack the terrorist.
The spy is ready to attack its prey.
Others examples are:
- He took the right turn in the intersection
- She cannot bear children
- The man put a straw on a pile.
- Surface Structure Ambiguity
Surface structure ambiguity is a type of ambiguity that occurs because of the structure or syntax of the sentence. The sentence may have two different surface structures. As a result, the sentence will have two meanings. As illustrated in they are playing cards. This sentence has two meanings:
1) Those people, they are performing the act of playing cards
2) Those cards, they are not greeting cards, but playing cards
Here some examples:
- Agus saw the man with a telescope.
- Rahmanti hit the man with an umbrella.
- The French English student is coming.
- Rahmanto and Rahmanti or Warni frightened the baby.
- Deep Structure Ambiguity
Sentences which are ambiguous on the deep structure level of logical relationship is called deep or underlying structure ambiguity. Deep structure ambiguity is illustrated in the sentence, Flying planes can be dangerous. This sentence is ambiguous since it has two meanings: (1) the act of flying planes can be dangerous. (2) Planes that are flying can be dangerous.
Such example only has one surface structure. But it has two different deep structures. Other examples of deep structure ambiguity are seen in sentences below:
- Cheating students will not be tolerated.
- Visiting relatives can be dangerous.
- The horse is ready to ride.
- Warno loves Sutini more than Paijo.
There are some differences between surface structure ambiguity and deep structure ambiguity. Surface structure ambiguity sometimes can be disambiguated by pronouncing them differently, depending on the intended meaning. The deep structure ambiguity however can not be disambiguated.

